• Acetone 56.5C (134F)
• Methanol (wood alcohol) 64C (147F)
• Ethyl acetate 77.1C (171F)
• Ethanol 78C (172F)
• 2-Propanol (rubbing alcohol) 82C (180F)
• 1-Propanol 97C (207F)
• Water 100C (212F)
• Butanol 116C (241F)
• Amyl alcohol 137.8C (280F)
• Furfural 161C (322F)

Here is what I found. I'm at 7000 foot, i did a test run and water boils at 199 here. Thats 93% of 212. so i cut my tables by that. Maybe this will help others. http://www.hi-tm.com/Documents/Calib-boil.html

Actually, % of alcohol is a more reliable method of measuring cutoff points than temperature is. Thermometer placement in a still can cause a major difference in how the temp is read. Everyone's still is different- the % is more likely to give predictable results, where the temp can be off by more than 10F either high or low- giving the wrong results when duplication of anothers' run is being tried.

Filling the Boiler

someone was descibing the use of malt extract for making whiskey and commenting that it foamed a lot in the distiller. The extract will contain a lot of proteins and when boiled it will foam a good bit. You need to let it foam as much as possible (without boiling over, of course). If you have a big pot, that helps. But you can remove the pot from heat or turn it down (if a gas heat source) let it sttle a bit and fire it back up. You are looking to achieve something called hot break. The foam will soon stop rising. This process coagulates the protiens so that they are larger and will settle out, producing a clearer liquid.

Removing the Methanol

Running the Still

When to Finish

...with my Stillmaker type reflux still, I notice that the temperature holds steady until near the end of a cut. I should note that I use a digital thermometer that registers to the nearest 1/10th of a degree fahrenheit and refreshes itself every 10 seconds.

For example, near the end of the time the foreshots are exhausted and the ethanol begins running, the temp will fluctuate dramatically after having held rock steady until then. The same seems to happen at the end of the ethanol run. When I see the temp starting to get squirrely, I stop the run. Maybe I leave a bit of usable ethanol in the wash, but it's worth knowing the stuff I collect is pure! :)

• Segregate your distillate into 1L (or pint) bottles as you collect it. Work out which of them are OK, and which aren't; eg the first 2-3L might be fine, but you start noticing the tails in the last couple. Only keep the first ones for drinking, but put the other bottles aside. Either toss these in with the next wash as you go to distill it, or keep them from several runs, dilute 50/50 with water, and give them a run through the still on their own (see - you're not wasting it, just delaying when you get to keep it). This will allow you to really push the end of the run, as you won't be allowing it to contaminate your good drinking spirit (but don't get silly - stop when you can notice the fusels !).
• Get a better still (eg more packing, taller column, with greater reflux) The tails won't appear until quite late in the run (eg may only have to put the last 0.5L aside, not the last 2-3 L).
• Be patient - take the time & run the still with a higher reflux ratio (collect less, return more back down over the packing). Use more cooling water in the reflux condensor section.
• The still needs to run smoothly, with even temperatures. Stop it surging - the distillate should be coming out nice & steady - either a thin dribble or separate drops. Somethings wrong if its coming in spurts ; more even temperature control needed, keep the packing clean (back-flush it after every run), make sure the packing isn't too tight, have the right column size for the amount of power you're putting it (not a real skinny column with heaps of vapour going up it), don't have cool breezes blowing on the outside of the column giving spot cooling (keep the column insulated)
• Take the time to polish neutral spirits well. Get a batch ahead of yourself, and always have one sitting on carbon, until you need to use it.

Residual tails should be cut by hydrometer in pot stills then redistilled with the next batch. Column still tails should be redistilled in process, as much as possible then pumped though an activated charcoal filer. A drinking water type filter cartrige is best, pump it through several times for vodka results. Chilling the distillate will improve filtration.

Neutral spirits require little to no age (0-30 days). Using refined raw materials helps produce more neutral distillate and reduces tails.

Tails are always volitle, oily and rancid. Once they come over they will dominate/spoil the flavor of the entire batch. I suggest having 3 recieving containers on the output side: center cut, orgaoliptics, heads/tails. That way if tails start on the oganoliptics the entire batch is not at risk. The danger/fun is that the organoliptic range changes with the raw material. In general tails are: Early- tequila, Armagnac, Cognac. Moderate- Brandy, Irish style (3x) whiskey, Corn whiskey, Rye whiskey, Bourbon, American whiskey. Late- Malt whiskey and distilled spirit specialties.

Each style and flavor profile has it's own target cuts for optimun results. The cuts differ a few points between companies and account for "house flavors" & "regional traditions". The shape and composition of each still (or addition) effects the reading of cuts as well. A short pot still will give a stronger and hearty spirit with early oily tails, whereas a taller onion dome pot still will give a lighter spirit with a later tails. This means that with good hydrometers, anybody with any still, can produce the target flavor with the proper cut. Much money is spent on still improvement, before tool improvement.

Save money by using good tools and accurate measuring equipment.

You may be interested in something that I built so that I could monitor the quality of the output from my still. The device basically takes the output from the condenser and runs it past a hydrometer. I built this from a 6" length of 3/4 copper tube with a 1" tube flanged down and silver soldered at the top. I then connected a piece of 3/16 copper tube to the bottom of the 3/4 copper (input) and at the other end silver soldered on a funnel I then connected another piece of 3/16 copper to the 1" copper tube that collects the overflow from the 3/4 tube (Output tube). This connection was a little difficult as the 3/16 tube will not fit in between the 3/4 and 1" tube. To do this I drilled a small 1/8" hole into the side of the 1" tube and but welded it on. You could probably increase the 1" tube to 1.1/2" tube to make this easier The reason that the tube sizes are small is to ensure that the hydrometer can quickly follow any changes in output. A down side to the 3/4" tube is that if you have a high flow rate the hydrometer will give higher reading as flow of alcohol causes the hydrometer to rise. So if you are considering construction and you have high output rates you may need to increase the size of the tubes. This will of course decrease the sensitivity. I would also suggest to make sure that you hydrometer will fit inside of the 3/4" tube with some clearance for the output to flow past(My hydrometer is 1/2' diameter).

If you get a Polder type electric thermometer they can be programmed at set temp to alarm. They also have a nice timer feature...helpful in charting your temps/time and the probe is 1/8 in Stainless which fits easily in a compression fitting at the top of the column.

Collecting spirit by temps alone is really unreliable- everyone has the thermometer set in the still in a different point- for some it could give false high readings- low for others- practice helps you figure out how to read your specific thermometer- going by the strength of the alcohol is far more reliable- and repeatable.

Now, for the good stuff: Most pot stills that are run commercially are run until one-third of the mash volume has been collected (3 gallons of wine gets reduced down to 1 gallon of "low wines"). The second run has the spirit collected when it starts coming out of the still at 75%abv, and you stop collecting at 55%abv. The stuff that came out stronger than 75%abv is thrown out as heads. The stuff that comes out lower than 55%abv is saved as feints, and added to the next run. The feints are added to the next beer stripping run if a lighter, more neutral spirit is wanted- common in Cognac distilleries, not with whisky, though. If the feints are added to the next spirit run, the resulting spirit is a bit more flavorfull- this is how whiskey is distilled. The total spirit collected tends to average somewhere in the mid-60%abv when collected in this style.

The 75% to 55% cutoff points are known as a "middle-third cut" among distillers, and is the industry standard for most (except Glenmorangie, which collects only from 75% to 65%abv- this is called a "middle-fifth cut").

• each cut done by "sensory analysis" - diluting to 40% with distilled water first
• cut from heads to heart when no longer sensed ethyl acetate present
• cut from heart to tails when aroma changed from fruity to musty/rancid
• no pattern for when to make the cut - varied for each different fruit, and from batch to batch. Using set amounts etc would have resulted in lower quality brandy.
• fruits only fermented out to 5-7% alcohol
• lower quality fruit had more heads/tails

Salt

..put a teaspoonful of ordinary table salt into the wash ..the spirit comes over much better..

Table-salt thrown into the still, in the proportion of 6 oz. (180 g) to 10 galls. (38 L) of any liquid to be distilled, will greatly improve the flavor, taste, and strength of the spirit. The viscid matter will be fixed by the salt, whilst the volatile matter ascends in a state of great purity.

make sure you use ordinary non-iodised salt not iodised. Virtually all salt sold in NZ in containers for domestic consumption is iodised. Also be aware that salt is sodium chloride and that chlorides attack stainless steel and can bad pit it. It can also and will generally shorten your element life.

The best time to introduce salt in the distillate is when distilling second time. The first distillation, stripping, is used to reduce the amount of liquid and some of impurities. The second run is the place where this salt helps in separating boiling point of water. I always add regular salt for the second distillation in proportion of about two heaping table spoons for about 8-10 liters of 65% abv.

.. try sodium carbonate @ 4.5 grams/ litre, add it when the wash temperatire is at 35-40 degrees C, add slowly then continue with your distillation in the normal manner. Sodium Carbonate is used in the production of soap and it combines with the oils to form a compound that does not evaporate at the normal distillation temperatures that we are using. Voila, cleaner spirit, less carbon treatment needed and more happy faces.

... that adding baking soda delineates the border between the good and the bad stuff very sharply. In regular distillation tails presence increases gradually and it is very difficult to decide when to start separating it from the good collection. In presence of baking soda this division is much more defined. (I added 3 full heaped table spoon of regular baking soda per liter of pure alcohol.)

Assumptions and facts:
1. A well run column distillation will separate a mixture into fractions based on the boiling points of the components.
2. There will be some overlap in most real-life stills.
3. ethyl acetate can be smelled at very low concentrations
4. acetic acid cannot (it has a higher flavour threshold)
5. under neutral or acidic conditions acetic acid will esterify to some extent in the presence of ethanol.
6. sodium acetate is not volatile
7. sodium bicarbonate will neutralise acetic acid.
8. sodium bicarbonate may hydrolyse ethyl acetate to a greater or lesser extent.
9. Adding sodium bicarbonate at some point between a stripping run and final distillation has the effect of decreasing the volume of fractions collected which smell of ethyl acetate.
10. Adding sodium bicarbonate at some point between a stripping run and final distillation has the effect of making the main fraction "cleaner smelling"
11. without bicarb the main fraction _can_ smell of ethyl acetate (ymmv)
12. Sodium acetate is not esterified by ethanol.

Questions:
1. Why is there ethyl acetate in the fractions after the heads? (no NaHCO3)
2. What does NaHCO3 addition do?
3. How do we best (read easiest) use it?

Rob's Answers/Opinions (currently!):
1. During distillation (after column stabilization) ethyl acetate is being formed in the boiler/column. This is why it continues to be present even after heads removal. (see assumptions 1, 5, 11)
2. Bicarb addition neuralises acetic acid, preventing ethyl acetate formation, distillation of acetic acid, and hence future esterification. (see assumptions 6, 7, 9, 10, 12)
3. Bicarb addition can hydrolyse ethyl acetate, thus decreasing it's quantity (see assumptions 8, 9)
4. There is actually a tiny amount of ethyl acetate about, but it is highly noticable (assumption 3). Using bicarb (as opposed to hydroxides) actually has a rather small effect on the amount of esters in the mix. What it does (primarily) is to prevent further formation, and hence allowing the still to do its job without the moving target of continually increasing ester concentrations in the boiler.
5. Based on this lot, adding bicarb at the start of the final distillation is sufficient, as neutralisation of acetic acid is instantaneous.

It's OK to add baking soda or other alkali to a STRIPPED wash, but NEVER put it in the primary ferment and then distill. If you do, and your still contains ANY copper, you will severely corrode the copper, and get blue, ammonia-smelling distillate. Not fun!

Why? Yeast and yeast nutrient both contain lots of ammonium salts (like DAP), which are very stable under acidic conditions, but which release lots of ammonia as the approach neutral conditions. Actually, you will start getting ammonia at about pH 5! Ammonia gas is very corrosive to copper, and you will find your condenser coil packed up with blue crystals after such a run (and blue alcohol too !)

Schweitzer's reagent is cuprammonium hydroxide, and is formed when copper hydroxide dissolves in a dilute ammonia solution). It is a deep blue colour, and is particularly known for its ability to dissolve cotton. The chemist who first discovered this property was Eduard Mathias Schweizer (1818 -1860), so it seems that it should really be called Schweizer's reagent.

It forms in stills when ammonia released from alkaline washes (nitrogen source may be plant material or yeasts) reacts with copper hydroxide formed by the action of steam on copper oxides coating the inside of copper columns or components. It may be avoided by ensuring that the liquid in the boiler is slightly acid (pH less than 7).

Boiling Chips

Cloudy Spirit

• Fusel oils : you've got some tails in there. They may be tend to form a slight "oil slick" on the surface. You may have some sucess in carefull decanting off from underneath it and then passing it through a coffee filter to try and capture it. Obviously the way to avoid it is not to collect the tails in the first place - see above.
• Mineral precipitates : your drinking water may have a high limestone content (calcium carbonate) , that has somehow come over with the distillate. Haven't heard how to fix this one, other than softening your water before you use it, or going to the trouble of using distilled water in the first place.
• Dirty carbon : Johan advises .. activiated carbon is normally not perfectly clean it contains diffrent kind of salts. Before you mix activated carbon and alcohol clean the activated carbon by boling it in a saucepan and then discard the water, taste it to see if there is any impurity. This will make your activated carbon much more effective as well!

I [previously] replied, saying it was probably due to copper salts coming from acid wash.  I WAS WRONG!!!!  

In fact, I've learned that it is just the opposite! Acid washes do not corrode the condenser (unless, perhaps, they've been allowed to sit far to long and have gone acetic), but neutral to alkaline ones DO.  Heating an ALKALINE wash, particularly one with lots of nitrogen-containing compounds that have been put in as nutrients, liberates ammonia, which corrodes the heck out of reflux coils and dyes the distillate a distinct greenish blue.  

The Upshot:  if the WASH is turning blue, it's probably due to acid wash corroding a copper sheathed element or a copper boiler, but if the collected DISTILLATE is blue, (and probably ammoniacal, but not always), the wash should be acidified!   

Turbos contain a lot of nitrogen-containing compounds, and at neutral to high pH, these can liberate free ammonia.  At low pH, they are bound up with the acid as salts, and do not liberate ammonia.  So, by adding nutrients to an already nutrient rich turbo, you can inadvertently push the mix over the line and get ammonia with your distillate.

Using a Pot Still

I single distill as I have no need to purify my spirits. The concentration at the top of the tower can be controlled with how much heat i apply at the bottom. If I want a pure spirit, I apply a low heat and can run it off at over 90%. with a bit of a twig I have hit the magical 97.5%. But you get utterly no flavours. I apply more heat, so I get a run at about 70 to 80% and get the flavours I need. Its true people, about about 80% you start to lose flavours.

I normally cut my runs when the alcohol drops to about 40%. The heat put in compared to what I get isn't worth it.

>How do you judge the "cut points" for foreshots and feints ?

Ah the terms they use for this "firsts and lasts", "Heads, Hearts and tails". for those who dont know, The flavour of any spirit come from a wealth of compounds, alderhydes, amy alcohols (fusal oils), esters, acids and even methanol. The desirable ones are commonly called congeners. The art of any distiller is knowing when to start collecting the heart and stop it again. Start it too late and stop it too early, and you collect mostly pure ethanol and no flavours. Start too early and stop too late, well you make something that will have a lot of flavour, but will give you ripper hangovers, could even kill you.

The art is to collect enough of the congeners in the last of the head and beginning of the tails to get the flavours, but not enough to make it undrinkable. You do this by watching the thermometer at the top of the still. When the firsts start, it will sit at 65C-70C. This is mostly methanol coming off. This you dont want. Then it will suddenly rise as all the methanol is removed. It will rise to 78-low 80s (depending on heat and what you want).

This is the heart. Now for a good rum, you want lots of flavour (and the headache with it) so you start collecting as soon as it starts to rise. For a whiskey, I tend to collect when the temperature hits 78C. For clean spirits, I wait till the temperature stabilises. The same occurs at the tails. The temperature suddenly heads for the 90's, and thats agian when you decide to cut it as the higher alcohol start to evaporate and collect. This I do by the the highly accurate method of tasting it.

Here is what I have done in the past when using a doubler:

I would fill the boiler to the normal capacity with my wash. I would fill the doubler 1/3 full with wash as well (sometimes I would put in 50/50 wash and neutral spirit in the doubler). I would run my batch. If I still had another run to do that day I would throw our the spent wash in the boiler, fill the boiler with the new wash to be ran, add the liquid that was in the doubler into the boiler with the new wash, fill the doubler with new wash adding to it the tails of the run that I had just finished, and start the run. I keep doing this until I have no more wash to be ran.

At the end of a day's run, I toss out the boiler and doubler liquids. I keep the tails until my next run. Sometimes, if I have patience enough, I will store the distillates of that days run and add them to a previous run's distillate. In other words, let's say that a month ago I did a run and had collected one unit of distillate from the first run of the day, a second unit from the second run of the day and a third unit from the last run of the day. I will combine all of the units together and mix them up real good. I will then take one unit worth of distillate and set it aside. I will take the remaining distillate and put it into a container and label it with the date. The unit that I had put aside is for me to drink while I wait for a whole month to go by. Then let's say I did a run today and had collected three units of distillate. I will combine these, put one unit worth aside and add the rest to last months run. I will continue to do this until I have a month of down time.

During the down time I clean out the still real good and take the bottle of several months worth of distillate and draw of one unit worth for me to drink, the rest of the several month collection is bottled, sealed, labeled and stored away and forget about it until a special occasion happens when a good aged product is called for.

I use an enlarged ice water/wok type of still, so a thermometer cannot be used- I just go by volume. With a mash starting at about 5 to 10%abv, do the first run, and collect 1/3 of the total mash volume (I.e. Put 3 gallons of mash in the still, keep collecting until you get one gallon out of it). On the second run, I collect one fourth of the total I put in. I.e. distill 2 gallons (8 liters) of low wines, keep collecting until I get 1/2 gallon (2 liters). I also collect heads on the second run at a rate of 150ml to 200ml per each five gallons of (starting) mash volume. Making sure a thermometer is reading the same every time I do a run was too much of a hassle.

I don't bother with temperature - I used to but after a couple of runs I discovered that relying on the thermometer lead to rather unpleasant off notes.

My still is 6l, I usualy put in a 3l wash ( or 1.5l if it's a lumpy fruit wash ), I discard the first 10ml and then put a jug under the outlet, every 50ml I swap jugs and transfer the spirit to a bottle. I sit there with a shot glass, a spit bucket and a glass of water and every so often I collect a few drops from the outlet and taste. It's up to my tongue where I stop collecting.

Big tip - before mixing fractions try mixing a small quantity separately - some fo the later fractions have a bad habit of suddenly clouding when added to the earlier.

My final ABV - using a set of volumetrics in the lab is 60% on the first run, for Eau de vie I don't often do a second run but sometimes I will add all fractions from previous runs to last was and collect that with a lot of care.

If it's relevant my lyne arm is 1m long and has a slight upward incline.

I found by trial and error the flavor on "double run" whiskey wasn't as good as single run whiskey (although I got less whiskey doing it that way- tighter middle cut). Instead of running my still twice, I now use the technique that was/is used to make apple jack.

I take my 5 gallon batch of mash/wine, and I fill 10, one gallon milk jugs half-full (one half gallon being 2 quarts) of the liquid. I then put these jugs into the freezer for two or three days, until they freeze into a solid block of ice. I then set the jugs upside down on a one quart canning jar. The alcohol will drip out as the ice melts (don't add any heat- let it go at it's own pace). When the one quart jar is full, I put the liquid (in the jar) into my carboy to let the yeast, etc settle out overnight. The block of ice in the jug is washed down the drain with hot water- there is no alcohol in it. Since the alcohol melts faster than the water, it tends to come out first- so instead of 5 gallons of 7-10% mash/wine, I now have 2.5 gallons of 17-20% mash/wine.

It takes no real effort on my part, but gives the same results as a beer stripping run, roughly doubling the alcohol content by cutting the volume in half. It doesn't stale the flavor like distilling can do at all, quite the contrary, it makes it stronger- this same method is used by some winemakers to make fortified wines at home (like port, sherry, etc.), without using distilled spirits. By cutting the volume in half, and doing it by freezing, not distilling, the flavor is preserved a little better, but the alcohol is high enough that a spirit run can be done. It typically takes one to four hours for the quart jars to fill up- it depends on the starting alcohol content- the lower it was at the start the longer it takes to melt out. It saves a lot of time for me, since I have a lot of freezer space.

When I make my malt whiskey, it used to always foam over in the still- by freezing it like this, then diluting the mash back to 5 gallons with water when I put it in the still- the starches causing my foaming problem have been diluted to the point that they can't lace together and foam up in the still. In the potstill, it just saves me 4 hours of work on an extra run. While the stuff is melting, I check my e-mail, work out, read, or whatever I feel like doing that I can't do when running a still, because that requires all my attention.

I have clear tubing from pot to worm and can see the vapors forming, so I know when to start cutting back on the heat, as soon as it starts to run I toss the first 100ml or so then just fine tune the heat so that I get a slow steady stream, run it down to 40% collect the bottoms for the second run, dump the lees and start another run.

I usually run it through at least twice and usually three times to get it as refined as possible. No hint of fusel oils at all, as proved by drinking it in massive quantities all one night with absolutely no hang over the next day. I use a propane camp stove to heat the pot as i find it has greater control capabilities.

I have been trying the hyper yeast from Gert Strand, am not impressed with the results, a little too yeasty in the aftertaste, could be something i've done wrong, but tried three batches with basically the same result. I will probably go back to using my old receipe for base whiskey, 2 cans of frozen orange juice, 2pkts champagne yeast, 4kilos white sugar and water to 25 litres; you can then feed the resulting mash as the gravity drops till saturation.

Tried a rum with fancy molasses 1 gallon 2 yeast water to specific gravity that appeals to you and your yeast, had a friend that works for a distillery, he went on a junket to pourto rico, where they have a distillery, he brought back a bottle of their finest, we did a blind taste test and couldnt tell the difference. Of course after several more taste tests, we couldnt have told the difference from dish water, needless to say I didnt let him drive home as he would have blown the ass off a breathalizer.

A potstill is a direct descendant from the medieval alembic still favored by alchemists, and often shown in old woodcuts. The alembic still was a cooker or boiler with a small conical lid with a sideways protruding tube. Its curving form causes it to be named "swan's neck". The latter led into the cooling coil which sat in a waterfilled vat. The modern potstill has a column (variable length) inserted between the cooker and the swan's neck.

In terms of the modern reflux column which, even in our amateur hands, can consistently deliver 95-96% pure spirit, the pot still is very inefficient. It delivers only impure mixtures of ethanol, water, and congeners. For that reason one usually double-distills (redistill) the wash - the first time delivering a distillate at ca. 30-40% abv, and when re-distilled raises this to 70-80%abv. Even then the product still contains congeners in addition to the ethanol. However, it are the congeners that impart the flavour of the grain or fruit. And most of these come from the 'tails'. As Ian Smiley puts it, the tails 'bleed' into the middle cut. While the reflux still can produce mind-stomping purity, the pot still must be run with a sense of art.

> Why double distill? The abv would be right on from the first run (35-40%). Is the first run still too harsh to drink?

One double distils to increase the alcohol content, but more so to concentrate the congeners. Note that in pot stilling the focus is on the 'also-rans', the congeners, and not on the alcohol!! The pot still is all about flavour. The first distillate from say a malt / barley run is insipid, but better than the wash was. However, when that distillate is run through again, and more water is discarded, the congeners are further concentrated. The final taste of a single malt whisky is likely about 70% congeners from the wash, and 30% from the cask wood.

The art lies in knowing how much of the congeners to allow into the middle cut.

Cut-off point? That depends on one's sense of taste, and on what sort of whisky or brandy one wants - highly flavourful, just right, or overwhelming. Ian Smiley devotes several fine pages on this point - viz. pp. 72-74. (Making Pure Corn Whiskey. 1999. ISBN 0-9686292-0-2; http://www.home-distilling.com/) . It is a matter of deciding how much of the tails one collects into that middle run.

>What are your feelings on the notion of increasing the sugar content in a berry based wash by adding sugar ?

I suppose that depends on which is desired - fruit flavour or ethanol strength. One could argue that blended scotch whisky is in fact sugar based, as a blended whisky is a mix of single malt whisky and grain alcohol, where the latter is highly purified grain distillate, devoid of grain taste. Just the opposite, in eastern Europe slivovitz (plum eau de vie) is double distilled from soft ripened plums, often weeks old, left to ferment in tubs with natural yeasts. Now, that distillate should be plenty flavourfull but in some regions more ripened plums are added to the distillate to further enhance the plum flavour.For me, it is all about flavour, so I go for the fruit or grain.

Coopers Lager comes out very much like a scotch whisky.... There are also malt extracts available at any home brew shop that can be added. Both liquid and crystalline form. These are for use in beer brews, but will make the transition to distilling just as well. Putting two beer kits into the brew keg makes for a stronger flavour too.

I do a stripping run first. Reflux down as low as possible. I have a still spirits still which I have modified into a compound still. I have the original head and a second lid so that I can use this as a basic pot still. The short column originally had a cooling jacket and a marble. I have disconnected the jacket and removed the marble.

Final cut point is a matter of taste and flavour. I am generous with it at this stage since I am going to do a second distillation and can be more picky there.

I don't seperate out any heads from the stripping run. The reason for this is that I then stick it into my compound head, water it down and bring the still to full reflux. I let this stay for an hour, and then take off my heads as normal. Once I have got the heads out of it, I turn the still off and let it cool. Then I run it through the pot still again, taking more care that the final cut point tastes good. Water back to 50% and oak. Voila!

Has anyone stopped to wonder where all that sodium in that baking soda goes when it's done its job of turning ethyl acetate into booze? Indeed, where all that ethyl acetate has come from in the first place?? Have those who advocate boiling right after adding baking soda stopped to wonder what happens to the stuff when it is boiled in water???

Taking the last first, if an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) is warmed then it starts to decompose with the formation of sodium carbonate, water and carbon dioxide, the decomposition being complete on boiling. Good grief . that's why Granny uses it for her soda bread. The carbon dioxide leavens it! The reaction is: 2Na.HCO3 = Na2.CO3 + H2.CO3 [and H2CO3 -> CO2 + H20] [water + sodium bicarbonate = sodium carbonate + carbonic acid + lye] and the carbonic acid further disassociates to form carbon dioxide and water, particularly when heated [H2.CO3 = CO2 + H20]. Add tartaric acid and you have a quicker reaction with more CO2, and you then call the stuff baking powder which Granny uses to make her nice light scones.

Working back a bit, where did all that ethyl acetate come from? Well, we all know about vinegar (acetic acid, a fatty acid), and that a 'dirty' ferment or a bruiser of a fast yeast can result in quite a bit of that. What may not be generally known is that fatty acids react with alcohols to form esters, and acetic acid and ethanol get together to form ethyl acetate which is . you've guessed it . an ester with the composition C2H5.COOH

So now we add baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) to try turn all that that ethyl acetate, which started out as vinegar, into booze. Why bicarb? Well, although it's an acid salt of carbonic acid, it turns out that in an aqueous solution it's alkaline, due to hydrolysis. The Na.HCO3 disassociates to form Na+ and HCO3- ions, and the H+ ions from the water (H.OH) combine with the HCO3- ions to form undisassociated carbonic acid H2CO3. This leaves heaps of Na+ and OH- (hydroxyl) ions mooching around . and those two together spell sodium hydroxide . a strong base. So what happens when these ions bump into ethyl acetate? The sodium ion grabs hold of the COOH bit to form NA.COOH, sodium acetate, and the hydroxyl ion grabs the C2H5 bit to form good old C2H5.OH, booze!

But hang around a bit! What happens to all that sodium carbonate [NaCO3] that was left behind when the baking soda disassociated? Well, it's quite handy because it too disassociates in an aqueous solution to form more carbonic acid and lye, with an excess of hydroxyl ions floating around [Na.CO3 + 2H.OH = H2CO3 + Na.OH + 2OH-]. Now this deals to any excess acidity you might have, the OH- ions grabbing acid H+ ions to form water. Not only do you get more Na.OH for conversion of acetate to booze, but the solution is buffered to a pH of just over neutral 7.

This gives us the clue that oyster shells or chalk [CaCO3] will do the same thing, and will also work to convert ethyl acetate to booze as the stuff disassociates in the same way [Ca.CO3 + 2.H.OH = H2CO3 +Ca.OH + 2OH-]. In this case it's the Ca+ ion that grabs the COOH bit of the ethyl acetate to form calcium acetate [Ca.COOH] and the hydroxyl ion grabs the C2H5 bit to form what we're after . C2H5.OH, booze. The only thing to consider is the relative solubility of baking soda compared to chalk, but those who use hard water to dilute their strippate may be on a winner!

Now those who haven't fallen asleep already will be wondering why they can't just add a good dose of lye (Na.OH) to the brew and be done with it. Snag is, how do you know when enough is enough? Put too much in and you have a surplus of lye in the brew, and nothing to counter that. Keeps the boiler clean, but corrodes the hell out of it. In contrast, by using baking soda or oyster shells/chalk you end up with sodium/calcium acetate, and that is also a pretty good buffer, like the sodium/calcium carbonates.

Much too has been made about how long this treatment takes. What has to be borne in mind is that it is a relatively slow reaction compared with inorganic reactions that go at the speed of zip. So all it comes down to is how impatient you are. Some might argue that heating the solution up will speed the reaction as it will hasten the formation of the carbonate. Well, they may have a point . up to a degree. However, just remember what happens when you boil hard water . the carbonates are precipitated out, as anyone in a hard water district will know from scaled pipes and kettles. Chuck the bicarb or shells/chalk in and boil immediately and you will get very little conversion, leave it for a couple of months and can be sure you've done the job fully. Similarly, chuck citric acid in and you will stop the reaction dead in its tracks as it will neutralise the bicarb/carbonate treated solution (each citric acid molecule has no less than three H+ ions to give up . hence its use in scented "bath bombs" to get all that luxurious, soft water that keeps the bubble bath foaming). My money is in listening to those who have achieved very good conversion of the bulk if the ethyl acetate by giving it a week or so to work before distilling.

a) Rapidly boiling the wash and condensing everything that is vaporized, without bothering to separate the heads and tails, is an easy way of reducing the volume of liquid you will subsequently process with care, saving a lot of time overall
b) The reduced volume of liquid you get from a stripping run is clear of all solids, salts and dissolved gases.
c) The liquid you get has a very much higher concentration of volatiles, enabling far better separation in the subsequent rectification run as you start out in the middle of the equilibrium chart (the one that plots the concentration of volatiles in the vapor against their concentration in the liquid the vapor came from ... the one that looks like a fat cigar leaning at 45 degrees)

In essence, it is much easier to clean a muddy kid after a football game if you first give the brat a quick hose-down to get rid of most of the mud, and then then shove him in a clean, hot bath with a cake of soap with instructions to wash behind his ears, than it is to try and do it all in a bath full of muddy water. Whiskey distillers, who have to tackle the difficult job of dealing with a mash full of solids, first concentrate on separating the low wines from the mash in a big still, where the only problem is to prevent burning, and then move on to a smaller still where they concentrate on getting the right cut from the clean low wines. Experience has taught them that this is a very effective and efficient procedure that results in a much better product than if they tried to do the whole job in one go. It is definitely well worthwhile.

• You can save up many batches and dedicate a whole day to run the whole lot properly in a reflux still. if you collect 4x25 litre batches you will only have to collect a bit more heads and tails than if you ran just a single 25litre wash. but you collect much more of the middle "drinkable" cut. also if you save up the batches you probably wont need to dilute it back down to prevent elment burn out.
• You dont need much care and attention when doing stripping runs. i leave the still running and check it every 15mins or so. i collect everything.
• If you dont have time for a reflux run you can strip a wash. this is useful if you dont want an uncleared wash hanging about for a month or so waiting to be contaminated.
• You dont have to worry about foaming or nasty smells getting into your prized reflux column. since the stripped wash is relatively pure you wont have to clean the column as often/carefully. i leave my stripped wash sitting on carbon.
• For me, electricity is cheaper than finings

Carbon and methanol (snore) have had more than their share of posts in this newsgroup. Esters, on the other hand, are a subject that gets far less attention than it should. I feel there is too much focus on ethanol and water, and not the properties of the impurities we are really trying to remove. My still already removes more than enough water - I have to add water back before I use it's output so clearly removing water is not my main objective. Everything seems to hinge on the assumption that if your still is good at separating alcohol and water then it must be good at removing everything else. This assumption is loose at best and ignores the fact that with a little encouragement some of the worst impurities will remove themselves.

Esters are flavour compounds responsible for many of the characteristic tastes we know very well:


Propyl acetate (Pears)
Octyl acetate (Oranges)
Isoamyl acetate (Banana)
Ethyl butyrate (Pineapple)
Butyl acetate (Apple)
Methyl trans-cinnamate (Strawberry)
Ethyl cinnamate(Cinnamon)

(See http://www.leffingwell.com/esters.htm. There are many others and a web search will turn up many more if you're interested.)

Esters are the product of a reaction between an organic acid and an alcohol. Read the back of a wine bottle you'll see wine described as tasting of all sorts of different fruit (except grapes, of course because any fool can do that). Yeast, by its very nature, produces a range of organic acids and a range of alcohols during the fermentation process. These combine to form a range of esters responsible (along with other chemicals) for the flavours in wine that aren't in the original grape juice. This is where the interests of a winemaker differ from someone trying to make clean neutral spirits - winemakers see ester formation as desirable. Yeast makers even advertise their yeasts on how good they are at producing damn esters.

The problem with esters is that a little goes such a long way. Most have detection thresholds measured in parts per billion (ppb). Ethyl butyrate – the fruity pineapple ester listed above - has an odour detection threshold in water of 1ppb. As a comparison, ethanol in air has an odour detection threshold of about 50 parts per million (ppm). In other words, it's odour is 50,000 times more powerful than ethanol. For those of you obsessed by percentages, your distillate could be 99.9999999% ethyl butyrate free and you'd still be able to smell the damn stuff. Great if that's what you want, bad if you don't.

The ester of the most relevance to home distilling is ethyl acetate. Ethanol oxidises to form acetic acid. Acetic acid and ethanol react to form ethyl acetate. It's no real surprise that you are going to end up with some of this stuff in your brew - yeast puts it there. The good news is its odour detection level is a relatively high for an ester at 5000 ppb (or 0.0005%); the bad news is it has a nasty solvent-like smell you're probably already familiar with. And there's more bad news…

By itself, it boils at 77 degrees, which is pretty close to the boiling point of ethanol. It forms azeotropes with both ethanol and water, and another when all three of them are mixed together (although all at mixture ratios you are never likely to see). I have heard many claims that ethyl acetate can be effectively removed by a still. It's more correct to say that using a still, a good operator can separate the ethanol that contains ethyl acetate (the heads, etc) from the ethanol that doesn't. To me this is not "effective" as the heads contain far more ethanol than anything else and I make ethanol to drink and not tip down the drain. As I said, stills are great for separating alcohol from water, but that doesn't make them the best tool for every job. Removing ester-related flavours with a still has all the finesse of opening walnuts with a sledgehammer. The secret is knowing your enemy:

Food is acidic. Just about everything we eat has a pH less than 7 (See http://www.phsciences.com/about_ph/ph_foods.asp). Acid inhibits bacteria growth and is the environment in which esters are formed. The chemical reaction that produces esters, however, can be reversed – when taken out of an acidic environment esters hydrolise back into the acid and alcohol from which they were originally formed. This is why food acids are so often added to preserved food – it helps preserve the flavour as well as preventing spoilage.

Ethyl acetate is formed during fermentation. After distillation it's no longer in and acidic environment and starts to decompose back to ethanol and acetic acid. Acetic acid gives vinegar its characteristic taste and although pungent, it's far less detectable than ethyl acetate – not great, but less bad. As decompostion produces an acid it tends to slow the rate of further decomposition, but eventually it does happen. If you have the time, people have been getting good results from sticking alcohol in barrels and waiting a decade.

If you don't have the time then don't worry lots of things can be used to speed up the process: agitation/aeration, light (called photodecomposition) do this. The resulting acetic acid has a boiling point of 118 degrees C so it's much easier than ethyl acetate to separate from ethanol in a subsequent distillation. If you add some mild alkali (sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate) into the mix you can speed up the decomposition time and also precipitate out the acetic acid. By adding a couple of teaspoons of sodium bicarb to your nastiest smelling heads and aerating them with an aquarium pump and air-stone for a week you will end up with something that smells OK. Not quite good enough to drink, but more than good enough to redistil.

This is the real way to solve the ethyl acetate problem – not by pouring your (mostly ethanol) heads down the drain. You get to recover all the ethanol that the ethyl acetate had spoiled and (the really elegant part) some of the ethyl acetate is actually turned back into ethanol. The point to remember is the same process will reduce all ester-related flavours, and not just ethyl acetate, including the ones that exist in immeasurable, but still detectable quantities. You don't even need to know what esters they are!! They all breakdown into different components, which you may not particularly want either but will all have less impact on overall flavour than the original ester.

Once I learned this I changed my process to double distil everything. After the first distillation I throw in some sodium carbonate and aerate for a week before distilling again. I don't separate the heads from the second distillation because there's nothing to separate and the result doesn't need carbon filtration. More importantly, nothing I boil off ever goes down the drain - not a single drop. My end-to- end efficiency from sugar to drinkable spirit is 90% with the cost of consumables and wastage very low. Plenty depends on your ingredients, equipment and process, but you get the basic idea.

Chemical Cleansing Fresh Home Made Alcohol

This is a free type translation/interpretation of a freely available material found on web pages dedicated to production of alcohol at home. There are no claims of any kind for this data.

The first chemical reaction of saponification binds fusel oils and makes it insoluble. In order for this reaction to work, alcohol must be tested for pH. If reaction shows that home made alcohol does contain dissolved acids then regular baking soda should neutralize the reaction. The proportion is 5g~8g of baking soda per each liter of alcohol.

After adding baking soda and stirring it well, potassium permanganate is added. Potassium permanganate should be dissolved in small quantity of clean water beforehand. The ratio is 2g of potassium permanganate dissolved in 50 mL of clean water per each liter of home made alcohol. The mix of alcohol, baking soda and potassium permanganate is stirred well and left alone for 15~20 minutes for reaction to finish.

After this stage is complete, additional baking soda is added to the mix in the same proportion as above, stirred and left alone for 8~12 hours for precipitation of solids.

Next day any sediment is filtered and alcohol goes through the second distillation. This method of removing fusel oils is rather efficient and removes up to 95% of its content.

After the second distillation, home made alcohol is slowly filtered through activated charcoal.

The cut points have to be determined either organoleptically (by taste or smell) which takes experience, or by vapor temperature. The wash itself varies too much (say between brandy and whisky) in levels of fusels, esters methanol and other volatiles to make any simple volume rules across such a wide range.

• Brew an all grain or malt extract wash using a good yeast like turbo, hyper or one of the wyeast family. Go for no hops and don't add sugar.
• When attenuated, load the wash into your POT still or DE-REFLUXED reflux still with the feints (see later).
• Run out about one third of what you loaded in, as "low wines". Different distilleries tend to get between 18-25% on these.

• Throw away the first 200 mL. These are the "foreshots", containing methanol as well as other low boiling point compounds. You need to discard more than the usual 50 mL, as pot stills are less discriminating then reflux stills. Watch this run with more care than before - it will proceed quite a bit faster !
• The next 5 litres is the good bit that you're after (approx 75%, stop when getting below 60% ? - this is the trade secret of distilleries, as it determines the taste of the distillate). Update ! - see Donalds recommendation above of 58% for grains and 60% for fruit.
• The following 10 litres (the "feints") - save and put back into wash run next time.

Typically, you only throw away the first 50 to 100ml on the second distillation, not the first. Because of the higher alcohol concentration, the methanol will be more concentrated as well. This makes getting rid of all of it more likely on the second run.

The "middle cut" proportions that are listed in Ian Smiley's corn whiskey book mathmatically conform (almost exactly) to the yield data I sent you out of that Japanese Scotch book - About a 57% middle cut.

I also learned that these "middle cut" numbers are good for any volume, and any still- I have made a corn whiskey and have "made the cut" according to Ian Smiley's numbers- but I did this with an ice-water-wok still, and only 2-liters of freeze-concentrated mash (equal to 4 liters unfrozen). It comes out to:

Foreshots	23 ml	(3.1%)
Heads	130 ml	(17.4%)
Middle Run	428 ml	(57.1%)
Tails	168 ml	(22.4%)


all adding up to the 750ml bottle I normally get of pretty rough stuff out of this still. Just by applying the middle cut numbers, I get just over half as much- but it is a LOT better.

[for typical scotch] ... The beer still is loaded with 100 volumes of wash at 8%abv, this is distilled until you get 35 volumes of low wines at 20-23%abv. You will then mix 22 volumes of feints (from a previous distillation) at 28-30%abv, giving you 57 volumes at 23-25%abv, which you load into the spirit still. You then distill the low wines, collecting the fraction coming over at 75%abv (methanol is thrown out, anything from the initial starting % down to 76%abv is tossed into the feints tank), and you stop collecting at 55%abv, giving you 11 volumes of spirit at 68-70%abv. Anything that comes out of the still at below 55%abv is saved, and thrown into the feints tank. In the first distillation you should be left with 65 volumes of "pot ale" at the bottom of the still with less than 0.1%abv to be sold as high protien animal feed. In the second distillation, you should be left with 23.5-24.5 of spent lees at less than 0.1%abv, that is diverted to waste water treatment.

By the way, even the Scotch distilleries are now admitting that yeast strain makes a difference in the spirits' final flavor. They figured this out after a couple of research chemists at a distillery made a batch, then filtered ALL the yeast out, and distilled it. After comparing the resulting spirit with regular (unfiltered mash) spirit, they found (under liquid chromatography), that the yeast has a BIG influence on flavor due to the long chain fatty acid esters that are found in yeast do distill over into the spirit- this is, in fact, the cause of cloudiness in spirit thats been run through a potstill only once, not the heavy alcohols as was once thought.

They take only 1/5 of the second run as middle cut spirit- the numbers I posted are for the more common 1/3 middle cut- sorry, all of those wanting Glenmorangie should work just like [above], but only collect 6.6 volumes of spirit, after the heads are thrown out, and the >76% fraction has been sent to the feints tank, other than that, it's the same. This should average a final spirit strength of about 70%abv, and your Glenmorangie cutoff point should be when the spirit coming out of the still drops to below 65%abv.

Using a Water Distiller as a Pot Still

He uses the Kenmore water distiller : http://www.kenmorewater.com/productlist/no-plumbing-drinking-water-systems/34480.html

I'm not sure how accurate this method is, but what I do is discard the first 50 mls of heads.. Then I collect enough total liquid such that I stop when my spirit hydrometer indicates it has reached about 48%. Probably could go down to 45% but I don't want much tails at all so I stop a bit early at around 48%. Basically I collected the first 500 ml, and then the next 50 ml thereafter and found that the tails and taste started to get bad at about 850 ml, so I stop at around 600 ml, which in this case came out to be around 48%. Not exactly precise, and possibly leaving some good stuff behind, and may differ depending on the alcohol percentage of what I'm distilling, but on the whole once you've got it figured out for the first time for a particular mash it is totally painless to use. Since the quantity of fluid I put in there is also very known, it is easy to get it down to a science and just use a timer.. Like 35 minutes to the point where the heads start coming out of the distiller, and then 47 minutes of collecting the spirit, which then yields a known quantity of liquid. After you figure this out the process becomes very easy and reproducable.

There are a few different models of having different sizes so these numbers won't be the same for every Sears/Kenmore water distiller.

Since the quantity of liquid is small, and you're not using an open flame, it's probably a bit safer too than operating some stills.

Still Spirits also has some instructions on how to use it.. Called distilling with the Sears Water Purifier. They just suggest to collect certain quantities of liquid based on using their known alcohol percentages of their yeast/nutrient/sugar combinations.http://www.stillspirits.com/instructions.htm

I discard the 1st 50 to 75 mL each time and then monitor the ABV closely. I seperate tails at about 48% and have begun collecting them for a seperate run when I get enough. After I've collected all my "hearts", I run them again together to a higher %, cutting this time at about 60%. If I'm doing a sugar wash, I'll then carbon filter.

The product seems fine. It may not be as excellent as the 90+% you get with a more extensive set up, but it works for me. I've produced a drinkable Brandy from wine, I've added essences to sugar washes with good result, and even done my own alchol extractions creating a nice Ouzo/Anisette. It does take many runs to do a 5Gallon batch, but it requires little monitoring once you get the timing down.

A couple of pointers for those interested:

Watch the amount of wash you try to run. My unit is supposed to take 3 quarts, but the most I can really do is closer to 2.5 because of boilovers. The amount of residual sugar in your wash has a great effect. I tried to run a failed beer, and it would boil over (boil up into the condeser) at any thing over 1quart! I ended up dumping 8 gallons of beer into the garden...)

I added a small amount of copper to the vapor path by attaching a copper pipe "elbow" stuffed with copper scrubber to the rubber/vinyl inlet hose on the lid of the unit. I don't know if it helps, but I figure it can't hurt.

Using a Reflux Still

At the moment I'm trying to make wodka with a modified stillmaker still. I have just returned from the Czech Republic, where I have bought a bottle of Jelinek wodka which I am using as a reference w.r.t. taste and smell.

To make it easier to achieve maximum purity I strip the beer first and I remove the first 100 ml to be sure the methanol is out. I stop distilling when the temperature reaches 95 Celsius regardless of the %.

The low wines I have now are approx. 55% and I dilute this to 40% max. for the fractioning distillation. I slowly bring the low wines to the boil and keep the cooling water running at a high rate for maximum reflux at the top of the column. After a while I tune the cooling water until I get a steady drip from the condenser outlet; I keep the boiler at the lowest boiling rate possible.

Every 100 ml I check the % and I put a few ml in a noser (glass) and I add the same amount of water; as soon as I detect a distinct smell of wet cardboard, I know I have to stop collecting the middle cut; the alcohol that comes after this point (not much if the fractioning was going well) is collected, and after a series of distillations I fill the boiler with these faints to collect the remaining ethanol. When checking the alcohol for wet cardboard smell, it is important to dilute the alcohol first to 30-40%, because the undiluted alcohol will not release the smell, and you will notice it too late when you are preparing your wodka, liqueur etc...

You will notice, that the off smell will start to occur as soon as the temperature in the top of the column starts tending to rise above 78,5 celsius or the drip from the outlet starts to diminish and you need to increase the heat to keep the boiler going. Also the % goes down to less than say 92%. Don't waste your vodka now by trying to collect that little bit more !!! After a few runs, you'll get the hang of it; there is nothing better than experience.

Using a Fractionating Still

The most important aspect of observing temperature is to make sure that you do not save any foreshots as beverage. Anything collected before the still head reaches 172 F (77.8 C) should be discarded or used as charcoal lighter. From there on you would be better off using your nose to detect if the heads are finished or not. Then experience will tell you when the tails start coming over. Some people save more tails into their product than others. This is according to taste. Of course everything I just typed about flavor is assuming that you are using a grain mash. If you are using a sugar wash, then the nasties that make you use carbon treatment are in the cogners.

For me I let the still equalize in total reflux for 2 hours and then draw off the foreshots and then let it equalize for another 1/2 hour. Then I draw off the heads until I cant detect a foul smell. These I save and add to a container labled "faints". Then I distill the middle run and a portion of the tails. I run this phase until I reach 75 pct ABV. These are saved in my 'product' containers. Then everything else is distilled out until 65 pct and placed into the feints container. Then I distill everything else out of the wash that I can get. I stop when still head temps reach 205 F (96C) or so. Everything in this portion goes into a container labled 'redistill'. If you 'throw everything away' then you will be sending perfectly good ethanol down the drain. It might not be beverage quality right now, but it will be excellant stock to make a clear vodka from.

I usually strip 50ltrs and end up with around 18 ltrs @36-40%,this is from 2 fermenters of sugar wash,I then set up and turn on around 11pm and go to bed.Next morning the tower is in a state of total reflux and I start taking the fore shots off around 6-30 am,by 8am everything is coming over @ top % and I keep an eye on it and change jars every 2 ltrs and know when it is about time to expect the tails to start coming over. If you have unexpected guests arrive during the day I usually just turn the temperature down by 10 degrees or so and wait for them to go then turn it back up again and you are soon back in production,the same thing also if you haven't finished at night and you do not want to leave it running while you are asleep,just turn the temperature down by 10-15 degrees.I know a lot of our members will say I am mad for leaving the unit unattended but I have put a lot of effort into my control systems and am very confident in this setup,the next thing to add is a pressure switch that will turn off the power to the kettle if I have a cooling water failure.

Rum from a Reflux Still

• First fraction - collect between 69-72 °C at 91% - approx. 5% total distillate, unpleasant aldehydes, organic acids and esters. Discard.
• Second fraction, 72-77 °C at 93-94% - 10% total distillate, contains ethanol with appreciable amounts of aldehydes and esters.
• Third fraction, at 78 °C, 95.5%, largest in volume at 55-60% ,mostly ethanol with very small amounts of congeners
• Fourth fraction at 78.5-85 °C , 90%, most of the higher alcohol's
• Fifth and final fraction at of 85-90 °C at 25-30% - highest boiling point esters and aldehydes

• Light rum = 25% of the second fraction, 50% of the third, 40% of the fourth & 15% of the fifth fraction
• Dark rum = whats left (except the first fraction - that was all thrown away)

As for returning feints in rum, I do it all the time. I pretty much follow the same process as is outlined in Ian Smiley's corn whiskey book. I have found it makes a lot of difference. I was fortunate enough to trade the use of the brewery's forklift for 120 x 50# bags of raw sugar (sugar with a high molasses content). I use this with a Wyeast 2112 yeast (our house yeast at the brewery) and ferment it out at about 13%. This is about the limit of the yeast and I use more sugar then will ferment so as to leave a sweet wash. If I don't use the feints I end up with a pedestrian rum, but with the feints I create a deep and complex rum. If aged in oak I find it to be much like a dark, dry Cuban rum, without it is a tasty white.

It doesn't seem to help the flavor any. It also makes the "middle cut" (if that's what you are trying for) a lot smaller. A no-feints added run gives 2 liters of 95% middle run spirit. With feints added- it becomes one liter of 95%. A better choice is to save the feints in a labeled container and run them on their own. The feints only run does tend have a slightly richer flavor (at least in malt whiskey and peach brandy). Best to save them to re-run on their own than mix them in to an otherwise normal (mash only) run.

Foreshots & Heads

... commercial whiskey distillers make no distinction between "foreshots" and "heads". To them, these are simply different names for the same thing. Similarly, they draw no distinction between "feints" and "tails". Now these guys must surely know what they are doing, as many of them have been distilling whiskey for generations, so I just wondered if we might not be introducing distinctions that really don't matter.

After almost a week of searching through the internet and browsing through the local library, I've also learned that although whiskey washes contain methanol, resulting from the use of grain, not one drop of foreshots/heads or feints/tails is ever thrown away, but is instead frugally stored in the 'low wines' vat for inclusion in the next batch. It was also interesting to learn that the decision on when the foreshot/heads 'ended' and the feints/tails 'began' was entirely up to the still master, and that many distilleries included a fair proportion these 'cuts' in the middle run as they contain a lot of flavour compounds that they want in the final product. What also surprised me was how little of the foreshots/heads were diverted to the low wines vat, some distilleries starting to collect the main body only 10 to 20 minutes into a run. Considering the size of their batches, that's very little indeed!  Perhaps they rely on long periods of maturation to modify the compounds they include?

The way the still master judges when the foreshots/heads 'finish' and the feints/tails 'begin was also interesting, as it is all done without the benefit of measuring the temperature of the vapor or being able to smell the product. It's all done begind glass in the still safe, and the traditional methods depend on measuring the density of the product (correcting for temperature of the liquid) and what is termed a 'misting' test. Many distilleries now use more sophisticated methods, but these two tests are still widely used. The temperature corrected density seems fairly obvious, but the 'misting' test was new to me, so I had high hopes that perhaps here was a method we could use. Essentially, the 'misting' test involves mixing a sample of the product with distilled water. The presence of foreshots/heads or feints/tails is indicated by the mixture taking on a faint milky cloudiness. Sadly, when I tried it on some heads and tails that I had set aside, I could detect no 'misting' whatsoever, so I reckon that it must be characteristic of whiskey washes that may contain much higher proportions of oils than we encounter with sugar washes. Any thoughts anyone?

Now, I'm NOT suggesting for one moment that anyone drinks either heads or tails! However, we may have been throwing away a lot of good ethanol when pouring the heads down the sink. Whether those first heads contain methanol or not (depending on the ingredients of the wash), it is apparent that they contain a very high percentage of ethanol. If, instead, we set them aside and added both heads and tails to the next batch – all of them, as the whiskey distilleries do – then we would be in no danger of including them in the results of that next batch as we would again set aside the heads and tails of that. The obvious question can be asked ... would this not mean that the amount of 'nasties' builds up over time as they are repeatedly added to successive batches?  Logically, the answer must be 'yes', but this doesn't seem to worry the whiskey distillers, and they are dealing with much bigger quantities than we are.

As for determining when to start or stop collecting the main body of a run, I believe that the methods we have been using are probably the best there are … measuring the temperature of the vapor and using our sense of smell. They may well be better than the traditional methods used in whiskey distilleries! There is certainly a discernible difference between what we have been calling 'foreshots' and 'heads' … the very first part of the heads is markedly more volatile, so the change to the main body of heads is easily detected by monitoring the vapor temperature. Equally, the slower change in temperature as the main run starts is fairly easily seen if you have a good thermometer in the right place in the column.

In some reading I was doing, I found a spirit where the heads are not separated out at all; Pre-WW2 German Fruit Schnaps. Some may have made a brandy out of a fruit wine and noticed that the heads they were throwing out had a great fruity smell, and it was a shame to throw them out- old style German distillers didn't bother. This is why it has a reputation as a sharp tasting spirit. The trick is to ferment cool, and use no pectic enzyme, and ferment with added sugar no higher than 12%abv- all these things will dramatically increase methanol production. Then, make a note of how much distilled spirit was made out of how much wine, and only drink the amount of spirit that represents one wineglass of the original fruit wine/mash. For example: you have a gallon (4L) of cherry wine/mash, you get 750ml of spirit out of it at about 50% or so. At this rate of concentration, a 3ounce (90ml) serving of the wine equals a half ounce (16.875ml) of the distilled spirit. This (rather anemic) 17ml serving is to be considered one glass of wine. Limiting oneself to a "double" (roughly 30ml of spirit) of this "no heads separated" spirit, will give you a nice (but sharp) fruit schnaps, with little chance of a crippling hangover. Again, this requires a very temperate attitude toward drinking- in the above example, an American "shot" of this schnaps (2oz./60ml) would be equal to 4 glasses of the original wine- say hello to a nasty hangover. If this sounds a bit dangerous, then perhaps throwing out only the most minute bit of the heads could be done- say 5 to 10ml per gallon (4l) of wine- this should remove the bulk of the methanol.

Distilling Water

Put 10 g permanganate in 10 L of tap water. Reflux 30 minutes. Distill from glass or SS. Reject first 200 mL. Collect 8 L very clean water without chlorine or any organic contaminants. Dispose residue